红木家具的美学鉴赏

懒人一枚

红木家具始于明代。其外观形体简朴对称，天然材色和纹理宜人。红木主要采用中国家具制造的雕刻、榫卯、镶嵌、曲线等传统工艺，德国学者 G·Ecke在《中国花梨木家具图考》中总结加工红木家具的三条基本法则是：非绝对必要不用木销钉;在能避免处尽可能不用胶粘;任何地方都不用镟制。即不用任何铁钉和胶粘剂。所以红木家具的造型和工艺中明显的民族性是对许多收藏者最有吸引力的部分，很多人称红木家具为人文家具、艺术家具。

【木质活性美】
经过恰当干燥处理后的木材，仍会随气候变化产生微小缩涨，这是木性。古人顺应其特性， 将木头视为活物，特别是制作家具使用硬木时，精心研究利用其木质活性美，像对待有性格 、脾气的人一样，在家具结构设计上给予释放和缓冲的空间，巧妙地解决了这一难题。
使用干燥好的木料，以考究的榫卯结构精制而成的家具一般不会发生开裂、变形。但若放在 过于潮湿或干热的环境里(如南方的霉雨季节、北方冬季有暖气的楼房中)，家具上的肩口( 横竖材相交外)也会向外“开口”(潮湿时)或向内“张嘴”(干燥时)。这种现象，对于精制 的硬木家具也会随着湿度恢复正常而自然消失，而且具有强健的木质活性，即使反复多次也 不会影响家具的结构和寿命。

【造型古典美】
珍贵硬木不仅寿命长、价格昂贵且制作工艺复杂，因而不宜用于制作流行风格的时尚家具， 否则有暴殄天物之嫌;也不太适于制作抽象风格的纯艺术家具，这类家具的制作材料越无个 性越能突出其艺术构思的造型。而传统家具的经典之作，具隽永的古典美，最适于以硬木制作。尤其是明式家具的造型与硬木的纹理、质地相配恰倒处，和谐委婉，相映成辉，经受过 历史的考验。
明式家具以其丰富的内涵，高雅的格调，几百年来一直为有较高艺术修美的人士所喜爱。明式家具的造型不仅与中国的古典环境，也与现代生活环境相融合，是使用者品位修养、精神 境界的标志。

【结构自然美】
中国传统家具，很讲究自然美，在结构方面不用钉、不靠胶，以榫卯斗合方式组成一体，不仅有控制木材变形、缩涨的功能，更有经久耐用之功效。有些传世家具，虽已遍体鳞伤，腿子都磨短了，仍不松不散，得益于地道的榫卯结构。
当然，鉴赏传世硬木家具的结构自然美要有丰富经验，因为中国传统家具还有一个特点;外表看完全相同，内总结构的优劣、工艺水准的高下有很大差异。家具上每一个部件的榫卯形式都可以有投机取巧的、简易的、常规的、讲究的几种不同做法，取决于制作者的知识水准、手艺高下的职业道德。

【技艺人文美】
珍贵的硬木家具最好是手工制作，使其富有人文美——即人情味儿。然而一张相同的家具式样图交给不同的工匠能做出不同的“美学味儿”来，每件家具都是制作者技艺、人品、素养甚至脾气、性格的真实反映。虽然掌握了木工基础的人都是称匠，但做硬木细木工的工匠与一般的木匠是不同的工种，在细木工中能全面掌握硬木家具制作技法并有悟性的人更是难得。
实践亦证明，要想制出传世人文美精品，还必须有严格的监督机制。明式家具大多由当时的 文人参与制作。清代宫廷档案也记载着，故宫的家具是由选自各地的名匠，在紫禁城中的多位中外艺术家直接指导、监督下制成的。一件集材美、造型雅、结构考究、工艺精湛于一体的家具，有丰富的人文内涵和隽永的鉴赏生命力，可以让十几代甚至几十代人得到艺术熏陶和美的享受。

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